Resumen: La variación lingüística es un fenómeno presente en casi todos los idiomas. Su interés para los estudios traductológicos es incuestionable. En el presente trabajo pretendemos investigar cómo se resuelven los problemas que plantea la variación lingüística para la traducción literaria chino-español. Con tal objetivo, hemos elegido la obra La casa de té y sus dos versiones de español como corpus de análisis. Partiendo de la hipótesis de que en la traducción de los elementos de la variación lingüística de esta (...) obra se recurre a la estandarización como solución traductora preferente, hemos analizado el corpus para obtener datos tanto cualitativos como cuantitativos. Los resultados nos permiten confirmar la hipótesis general, así como identificar las características específicas y problemas que presenta la traducción de la variación lingüística del chino al español. Abstract: Linguistic variation is a phenomenon present in almost all languages. Its importance for translation studies is unquestionable. In this paper, we intend to investigate how the problems posed by linguistic variation are solved for Chinese-Spanish literary translation. To this end, we have chosen the work Teahouse and its two Spanish versions as the corpus of analysis. Based on the hypothesis that in the translation of the elements of linguistic variation in this work, standardization is used as the preferred translation solution, we analyzed the corpus to obtain both qualitative and quantitative data. The results allow us to confirm the general hypothesis, as well as to identify the specific characteristics and problems presented by the translation of linguistic variation from Chinese into Spanish. (shrink)

Resumen: El presente trabajo aborda críticamente la propuesta de Herbert Feigl al problema mente-cuerpo dentro del marco general de su filosofía. Para esto, se describe de forma sucinta (a) el contexto de las teorías fisicalistas dentro del cual emerge su propuesta, remarcando sus diferencias con las posturas de Carnap (1932), Place (1956) y Smart (1959), y (b) algunos elementos relevantes de la evolución de su propio pensamiento, con especial énfasis en la herencia de la filosofía anterior que le permitió al (...) filósofo austriaco construir un marco teórico propio, caracterizado principalmente por la defensa de un realismo científico de carácter “semántico”. Respecto de estos antecedentes, se exponen las diferencias entre las ideas centrales de su texto de 1934, centrado en la idea de doble-lenguaje, y su propuesta definitiva expuesta en su texto más influyente de 1958, centrado en su teoría del doble conocimiento. Adicionalmente, a lo largo del texto, se sustenta la idea de que la filosofía de la mente de Feigl es una propuesta de valor e interés contemporáneo, aunque no especialmente original, cuya comprensión depende notoriamente del marco más general de su filosofía y las tradiciones que la cruzan. Abstract: This work critically addresses Herbert Feigl's proposal to the mind-body problem within the general framework of his philosophy. For this, we describe succinctly (a) the context of the physicalist theories within which his proposal emerges, highlighting its differences with the positions of Carnap (1932), Place (1956) and Smart (1959), and (b) some relevant elements of the evolution of his own thought, with special emphasis on those elements inherited from previous philosophy that allowed the Austrian philosopher to build his own theoretical framework, characterized mainly by the defense of a “semantic realism” in science. Against this background, we will expose the differences between the central ideas of his 1934 text, centered on the idea o double-language, and his definitive proposal presented in his most influential text of 1958, centered on his theory of double knowledge. Additionally, throughout the article, we support the general view that Feigl's philosophy of mind is a proposal of contemporary value and interest, although not especially original, whose understanding depends notoriously on the more general framework of his philosophy and the traditions that crossed it. (shrink)

Inauguration speech at chair number 18 of the Brasilian Academy of Philosophy.

En este artículo se estudiará la quinta vía de Tomás de Aquino, en diálogo con dos teorías del origen del universo: la que sostiene que todo surge del azar y la adaptación, y aquella que afirma desde la biología que es posible aceptar las causas inteligentes en la naturaleza, en vista a órganos muy específicos y complejos que se encuentran en ella. Esta última postura concuerda mejor con la quinta vía que la primera, aunque hay seguidores de Tomás de Aquino (...) que admiten una evolución moderada, es decir, que no implique transformación de una especie a otra. (shrink)

RESUMEN Se examina la diferencia en el estatuto moral de los seres humanos y de los demás animales, en la filosofía práctica de Kant, así como las consecuencias de esta distinción para el debate en torno al conceptualismo, centrando la atención en dos líneas que parecen correr paralelas: una considera que los animales no humanos tienen el valor relativo de cosas, mientras que la otra sostiene que los animales no humanos o humanos no racionales pueden tener acceso no conceptual a (...) contenidos representacionales de carácter objetivo. Se analizan las implicaciones prácticas de la imposibilidad del no conceptualismo, y se muestra cómo rechaza un no conceptualismo fuerte que les atribuye a estos seres un acceso a representaciones objetivas que justifiquen, por medios protorracionales, creencias prácticas o epistémicas. ABSTRACT The article examines the difference between the moral status of human beings and that of other animals in Kant’s practical philosophy, as well as the consequences of this distinction for the debate over conceptualism, focusing attention on two seemingly parallel lines: one that considers that non-human animals have the relative value of things, and another according to which non-human animals or non-rational humans can have non-conceptual access to objective representational contents. It analyzes the practical implications of the impossibility of non-conceptualism and shows how Kant rejects a strong non-conceptualism that attributes to those beings access to objective representations that justify practical or epistemic beliefs through protorational means. (shrink)

En este artículo se quiere mostrar cómo el bien la verdad y la belleza, al ser propiedades que se identifican con el ser, es decir, trascendentales, develan algunas características del ser perfecto en los entes imperfectos. Esto es posible desde el pensamiento de Tomás de Aquino, porque dios, que es aquel que crea, al hacerlo transmite algo de su propio ser a su obra; así como el artista se refleja en algún respecto en su creación. En el caso de dios, (...) este reflejo se llama vestigio, y tiene carácter analógico. Sin embargo, permite que una criatura racional encarnada pueda descubrirlo por medio de la contemplación del universo, lo que transforma a la creación en un fenómeno ierofánico. En este trabajo mostraremos cómo cada trascendental revela un aspecto de la divinidad. La verdad la hace inteligible, la bondad deseable y la belleza digna de ser amada. (shrink)

Hutcheson es el teórico del sentido moral. y por tal se entiende una concepción de nuestro comportamiento ético y político que, a la par que sienta las bases de 10 que se ha instituido como concepción liberal de la política, es incapaz de considerar nuestro laborar en el mundo sin referirlo directamente a las imágenes comunitarias de 10 que sea el bien. Lo que Hutcheson nos puede enseñar es que nuestras discusienes actuales en filosofía política malentienden nuestra tradición y son (...) incapaces de leerla al completo: precisamente a poco que se mire en nuestro pasado se comprenderá que nunca han caminado por separado las concepciones entre un estricto y autónomo sentido moral que juzga desde sí y una benevolencia comunitaria que le da los significados con los que juzgar. (shrink)

This article discusses some continuous limit cases of Susan Haack’s crossword puzzle metaphor for the coherent development and foundation of science. The main objective of this discussion is to build a bridge between Haack’s foundherentism and the epistemological framework of objective cognitive constructivism, including its key metaphor of objects as tokens for eigen-solutions. The historical development of chemical affinity tables is used to illustrate our arguments.

In this paper I mainly draw attention to the largely discussed § 244 of the Philosophical Investigations of Ludwig Wittgenstein. I begin by providing what I take to be a right reconstruction of the argument in it, in which Wittgenstein maintains that, in contradistinction to the presup-positions of the supporter of a private language, we learn words for sen-sations, like “pain”, for example, not by correlating the sign directly with the corresponding sensation. Instead, “pain” is learned in connection with the (...) natural expression of pain, with pain-behavior, so that the word takes the place of the natural expression. Next, I develop two lines of criticism on Wittgenstein’s argument. First, I argue that Wittgenstein does not explain how the learner substitutes the conventional expression for the natural one. Second, I maintain that, in his explanation of how we learn words for sensations, Wittgenstein shares one of the most impor-tant presuppositions of the private language, the very one that he wanted to discard once and for all, namely, that one can know from her own case what pain is. (shrink)

Resenha de leitura do livro: Para além da aprendizagem: educação democrática para um futuro humano, publicado pelo filósofo norte americano Gert Biesta originalmente com o título Beyond Learning: Democratic education for a human future. O livro foi publicado no Brasil no ano de 2013 pela editora Autêntica. O manuscrito é fruto de leitura realizada durante as reuniões do Grupo de Pesquisa Políticas e Fundamentos da Educação do qual faço parte pertencente ao Programa de Pós-Graduação da Faculdade de Educação da Puc (...) Campinas. (shrink)

En el actual panorama de la educación el concepto de formación humanista o clásica ha perdido vigencia en favor de la denominada “formación integral” y del énfasis en garantizar la calidad de los procesos institucionales de educación. En primer lugar, este artículo describe los rasgos esenciales de la formación humanista. En segundo lugar, examina los argumentos que hablan a favor de los objetivos de este tipo de formación. Finalmente, en tercer lugar, pondera los conceptos de “calidad de la educación” y (...) de “formación integral” mostrando los riesgos que lleva consigo haber perdido del horizonte los ideales del humanismo. (shrink)

This paper is a reply to PAULO MARGUTTI's paper "SENTIDO DA VIDA E VALOR DA VIDA: UMA DIFERENÇA CRUCIAL? (Discussão das idéias de Júlio Cabrera)" published in PHILÓSOPHOS , V. 9, Nº 1, 2004.

This article explores the metaphor of Science as provider of sharp images of our environment, using the epistemological framework of Objective Cognitive Constructivism. These sharp images are conveyed by precise scientific hypotheses that, in turn, are encoded by mathematical equations. Furthermore, this article describes how such knowledge is pro-duced by a cyclic and recursive development, perfection and reinforcement process, leading to the emergence of eigen-solutions characterized by the four essential properties of precision, stability, separability and composability. Finally, this article discusses (...) the role played by ontology and metaphysics in the scientific production process, and in which sense the resulting knowledge can be considered objective. (shrink)

In this article, we discuss some issues concerning magical thinking—forms of thought and association mechanisms characteristic of early stages of mental development. We also examine good reasons for having an ambivalent attitude concerning the later permanence in life of these archaic forms of association, and the coexistence of such intuitive but informal thinking with logical and rigorous reasoning. At the one hand, magical thinking seems to serve the creative mind, working as a natural vehicle for new ideas and innovative insights, (...) and giving form to heuristic arguments. At the other hand, it is inherently difficult to control, lacking effective mechanisms needed for rigorous manipulation. Our discussion is illustrated with many examples from the Hebrew Bible, and some final examples from modern science. (shrink)

The use of predictive systems has become wider with the development of related computational methods, and the evolution of the sciences in which these methods are applied Solon and Selbst and Pedreschi et al.. The referred methods include machine learning techniques, face and/or voice recognition, temperature mapping, and other, within the artificial intelligence domain. These techniques are being applied to solve problems in socially and politically sensitive areas such as crime prevention and justice management, crowd management, and emotion analysis, just (...) to mention a few. However, dissimilar predictions can be found nowadays as the result of the application of these methods resulting in misclassification, for example for the case of conviction risk assessment Office of Probation and Pretrial Services or decision-making process when designing public policies Lange. The goal of this paper is to identify current gaps on fairness achievement within the context of predictive systems in artificial intelligence by analyzing available academic and scientific literature up to 2020. To achieve this goal, we have gathered available materials at the Web of Science and Scopus from last 5 years and analyzed the different proposed methods and their results in relation to the bias as an emergent issue in the Artificial Intelligence field of study. Our tentative conclusions indicate that machine learning has some intrinsic limitations which are leading to automate the bias when designing predictive algorithms. Consequently, other methods should be explored; or we should redefine the way current machine learning approaches are being used when building decision making/decision support systems for crucial institutions of our political systems such as the judicial system, just to mention one. (shrink)

Da ficção científica para a ficção religiosa: ideias para pensar o cinema de ficção científica como o culto da religião vivida (From Science Fiction to Religious Fiction: ideas to think on Science Fiction cinema as the cult of lived religion). DOI - 10.5752/P.2175-5841.2012v10n26p552 Este artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre a chamada religião vivida como uma forma de repensar o papel da teologia e das ciências da religião na contemporaneidade. O estudo da religião vivida será investigado na relação entre o (...) cinema de ficção científica e a religião, propondo que, nesta relação, há uma forma de religião vivida intensa e viva. Sugere-se, assim, que o cinema seja hoje uma forma de culto e ritual, cumprindo parte do papel que os mitos e ritos sagrados desempenham na vida das pessoas, ao longo dos tempos. O artigo contém quatro partes: introdução sobre a religião vivida; religião vivida no caso específico do cinema; o cinema de ficção científica como uma forma de religião; aplicação da teoria no filme “Contato” (Robert Zemeckis, USA 1997); conclusões sobre a vivência religiosa em forma de mito e rito nos filmes de ficção científica e as consequências disso para a teologia e as ciências da religião. Palavras-chave : Cinema de ficção científica. Religião. Culto e rito. Religião vivida.: This article aims at reflecting about the so-called lived religion as a way of rethinking the role of theology and religion in contemporary society. The study of the lived religion will investigate the relationship between the cinema of science fiction and religion, suggesting that, in this relation, there is particular and intensive form of lived religion. The present article suggests that cinema today is a form of cult and ritual which performs part of the role that sacred rites play in the lives of people along the time. The article contains four parts: introduction about the lived religion; lived religion in the specific case of cinema; the cinema of science fiction as a form of religion; the application of theory in the movie “Contact” (Robert Zemeckis, USA 1997); conclusions on the religious experience in the form of myth and rite in science fiction movies as well as the consequences for theology and religious studies. Keywords : Science fiction cinema. Religion. Cult and rite. Lived religion. (shrink)

En este artículo se analiza la repercusión que ha tenido el concepto de pulsión de muerte freudiano en las filosofías de Derrida y Deleuze. La lectura que ambos filósofos realizan de Más alla del principio de placer determina en parte no sólo dos pensamientos paralelos de la diferencia, sino también la apertura de dos espacios políticos separados: el del uso de un inconsciente diferencial próximo a la vida intensa, en el caso de Deleuze, y el de un inconsciente en différance (...) derridiano, en un equilibrio o negociación inestable entre la vida y la muerte. (shrink)

O intuito deste artigo é responder: qual a religião de Voltaire? O filósofo teria um modelo de religião a propor? Como sabemos que a resposta é positiva, trabalhamos com as principais obras de Voltaire para entender quais são os fundamentos mais importantes de sua religião, quais são as questões que mais aparecem nas obras do filósofo e como elas são respondidas. Para isso, apresentaremos a relação das ideias de Voltaire com o cristianismo vigente em sua época, e a posição do (...) filósofo a respeito de Deus, da alma e do livre-arbítrio, bem como o modelo de religião proposto pelo autor do Cândido. (shrink)

The literature has recognised the fundamental role of teaching business ethics to students earning business administration degrees, but it is hard to find a methodology for teaching this topic successfully. We propose a new management tool—evidence-based administration—for the study of business ethics. The method developed on the basis of this management tool provides a practical vision to the students, motivates them, and favours the development of multiple facets of their education.

This article has as its theme the democracy as fundamentalism, or the democratic fundamentalism. Its main objective is the recognition that the thinking about democracy can itself be fundamentalist, implying that not only religious fundamentalisms are a threat to contemporary democracy. Its method and object are the interpretation of texts by two contemporary philosophers who do not usually talk to each other, the Italian Gianni Vattimo and the French Jean-Luc Nancy. The essay's thesis is the affirmation of democratic thinking as (...) a form of fundamentalism, insofar as it fulfills certain conditions established by the two thinkers analyzed. These conditions are, in the language of the aforementioned philosophers, the framing of democracy under the so-called strong thought, or its subsumption to a metaphysical way of thought, so that it becomes incapable of self-criticism and its necessary reinvention. Thus, it is expected to contribute to the construction of a self-critical vision of democracy through dialogue with aspects of thought little known of important philosophers and also through the dialogue between philosophy and theology as emancipatory ways of knowing. (shrink)

This article considers distinct ways of understanding the world, referred to in psychology as Functions of Consciousness or as Cognitive Modes, having as the scope of interest epistemology and natural sciences. Inspired by C.G. Jung's Simile of the Spectrum, we consider three basic cognitive modes associated to: (R) embodied instinct, experience, and action; (G) reality perception and learning; and (B) concept abstraction, rational thinking, and language. RGB stand for the primary colors: red, green, and blue. Accordingly, a conceptual map between (...) cognitive modes and primary and secondary colors is built based on the physics and physiology of color perception and epistemological characteristics of the aforementioned cognitive modes, leading to logical relations structured as an Hexagon of Opposition. Finally, this model of cognitive modes is applied to the analysis and interpretation of some important episodes in the historical development of physics and technology. (shrink)

El propósito de este artículo es doble. Por un lado recordar que la reflexión sobre nuestras democracias hoy aboca de modo inexorable a hablar de cuestiones como la educación de la ciudadanía o a reconocer por la necesidad de desarrollar valores o virtudes cívicas. Por otro lado mi interés es plantear que tales cuestiones y necesidades están lastradas por nuestra incapacidad para hablar de ellas; esto es: no tenemos un vocabulario ni ético ni político para hablar ni de virtudes ni (...) de la educación de la ciudadanía que ha de desarrollar y desarrollarse en nuestras democracias. (shrink)